National port development policies: same problems, different solutions?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20401/rasi.3.2.175Palavras-chave:
reforma portuária, políticas públicas, regulamento, desregulamentação, integração da cadeia de abastecimentoResumo
Os governos nacionais em diferentes contextos comerciais e marítimos muitas vezes enfrentam uma série de questões críticas comuns aos sistemas portuários, mas as políticas governamentais, os processos e a regulamentação associadas podem diferir significativamente. Por que isto ocorre? Os portos são elementos essenciais nas cadeias de abastecimento orientadas para o comércio e, nos últimos trinta anos, foram submetidos a uma ampla reforma global. Isso resultou em um mercado desregulamentado geralmente associado a programas de desnacionalização, privatização ou corporativização que visavam, entre outros objetivos, aumentar a eficiência; atrair investimentos adicionais do setor privado; e para facilitar as interfaces terra / porto, desenvolvendo cadeias de suprimentos integradas. A questão da reforma portuária atraiu pesquisas importantes em todo o mundo com foco em países ou regiões particulares, no entanto, houve menos ênfase na comparação de países em diferentes contextos. Este artigo procura preencher essa lacuna e compara as principais características da reforma, da política governamental e regulação em três jurisdições nacionais: Austrália, Brasil e Itália. Destaca as diferenças, semelhanças e aspectos comuns: a privatização total ou parcial, o modelo landlord e os regimes regulatórios promulgados. Examina ainda o grau de envolvimento do setor privado; os papéis de intermediação do governo e regulação em um mercado cada vez mais desregulado. Conclui que a política de privatização dos portos permanece, lamentável, mas não surpreendentemente, uma questão intensamente divisória e profundamente política e politizada.
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Referências
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ANTAQ (2015). Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários. Available at http://www.antaq.gov.br/Portal/.
ANTAQ (2014). Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários. Statistical Yearbook 2013. Available at http://www.antaq.gov.br/anuario/.
ASSOPORTI (2014). Italian Seaports Association statistics. Available at www.assoporti.it.
ALC (2008). The National Strategy for the Transport and Logistics and Freight Industry: Enhancing Australia's Supply Chains. (Barton: Australian Logistics Council).
Australian Constitution (1901). Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act S51.
Baird, A. J., Valentine, V. F. (2007). Port privatisation in the United Kingdom. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 55-84, Elsevier.
Beresford, Q. (2000). Governments, markets and globalisation. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Brazilian Congress (1993). Congress Decree N. 29, approving terms of the Convention N. 137 and Recommendation N. 145 of 58th Session of International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneve, 25 June 1973. Avaliable at http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decleg/1993/decretolegislativo-29-22-dezembro-1993-358293-publicacaooriginal-1-pl.html.
Brooks, M. & Culliname, K. (2007). Devolution, Port Governance and Port Performance. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, Elsevier.
Business Spectator (2014). Digging beneath China's interest in Australian iron ore projects. Retrieved from http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2014/5/14/china/digging-beneath-chinas-interest-australian-iron-ore-projects on May 14th, 2014.
Cariou, P., Dagnet, F. & Fedi, L. (2014). The new governance structure of French seaports: an initial post-evaluation. Maritime Policy & Management, 41(5), 430-443.
Chalmers, A.F. (1999). What is this thing called science? Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
Chen, S. L. & Everett, S. (2014). The dynamics of port reform: different contexts similar strategies. Maritime Policy and Management, 41(3), 288-301.
Costa, P. & Casagrande, M. (2011). Dalla concorrenza nei porti alla concorrenza tra i porti. Il Caso dei Servizi Tecnico-Nautici in Italia. Venezia: Marsilio editori.
Cullinane, K.; Wei, Y. Y. & Lam, J. (2007). The port of Singapore and its governance structures. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 285-310, Elsevier.
Dotars (2002). Freight Logistics in Australia - An Agenda for Action. Canberra, AU: Department of Transport and Regional Services, Australian Government.
Dotars (2004). AusLink White Paper. Canberra, AU: Department of Transport and Regional Services, Australian Government.
Everett, S. & Pettitt, T. (2006). Effective corporatisation of ports is a function of effective legislation: Legal issues in the existing paradigm. Maritime Policy and Management 33(3), 219-232.
Everett, S. & Robinson, R. (2007). Port Reform: The Australian Experience. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 259-284, Elsevier.
Everett, S. & Robinson, R. (2012). Value innovation: new entrants and chain restructuring in Australia's export coal chains. Journal of International Logistics and Trade, 10(3), 3-17.
Fawcet, J. A. (2007). Port governance and privatisation in the United States: Public ownership and private operation. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 207-235, Elsevier.
Ferrari, C., Tei, A., & Merk, O. (2015). The Governance and Regulation of Ports - The Case of Italy, ITF/OECD Discussion Paper nr. 1, Paris.
Galvão, C. B., Robles, L. T. & Guerise, L. C. (2013). The Brazilian seaport system: A post-1990 institutional and economic review. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 8, 17–29.
Goss, R. O. (1990). Economic policies and seaports: strategies for port authorities. Maritime Policy and Management, 17(4), 273-287.
Goss, R.O. (1997). British Ports Policies since 1945. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 32(1), 51-71.
Government of Western Australia Department of Mines and Petroleum (2013). Annual Report 2013. Available at www.dmp.wa.gov.au/
Infrastructure Australia (2010). Developing a national freight network strategy: Perspectives of freight network customers. The Allen Consulting Group. May, Canberra. Available at http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/freight_network_customer_perspectives.pdf
Infrastructure Australia and NTC (2010). National ports strategy: Background paper 2010, Canberra. Available at http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/ports_strategy_background_paper_20_December_2010.pdf
King, S. & Maddock, R. (1996). Unlocking the infrastructure: The reform of public utilities in Australia. (Sydney: Allen and Unwin).
Krugman, P. (2009). End this depression now. New York: WW Norton & Co USA.
Kuhn, T. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Macfarlane, I. (2006). The search for stability. Sydney: ABC Books.
Madison, A. (1991). Dynamic forces in capitalist development: A long-run comparative view. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Oxford.
National Competition Policy (199)5. Commonwealth of Australia Commonwealth Competition Policy Reform Act 1995.
Newcastle Port Corporation (2013). Annual Report 2013. Available at http://www.newportcorp.com.au/site/index.cfm?display=327004
Parola, F., Tei, A. & Ferrari, C. (2012). Managing Port Concessions: Evidence From Italy’, Maritime Policy And Management, 39 (1), 45-61.
Ports Of Australia (2015). Australian port map location. Available at http://www.portsaustralia.com.au/
Quiggin, J. (1996). Great Expectations: Microeconomic reform in Australia. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Reuters. (2014). POSCO backs rail, port plan for Baosteel Australian iron ore project. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/11/us-australia-iron-aurizon-idUSKBN0H60XB20140911 on September 11th, 2014.
Righetti, G. (1987). Trattato di Diritto Marittimo. Milan: Giuffré Editors.
Robinson, J. (1932). Economics is a serious subject: The apologia of an economist to the mathematician, the scientist and the plain man. W. Heffer & Sons.
Robinson, R. (2002). Ports as elements in value-driven chain systems: the new paradigm, Maritime Policy and Management, 29(3), 241-255.
Robinson, R. (2009). Chain systems analysis: new thinking about supply chain efficiency. Monograph in Chain Systems Analysis, Centre for Integrated Freight Systems Management, University of Melbourne.
Robinson, R. (2015). Cooperative strategies in port-oriented bulk supply chains: aligning concept and practice. Journal International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 18, 193-206.
Skidelsky, R. (2010). Keynes, the return of the master. New York: Penguin
Wang, J. J.; Ng, A. & Olivier, D. (2004). Port Governance in China: A review of policies in an internationalizing port management practices. Transport Policy, 11, 237-250.
World Bank (2001). Port Reform Tool kit. Washington, DC: Transport Division.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research – Design and Methods. Third edition. London: Sage.
ABARE (2010). Australian Commodities Statistics 2010. Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics. Available at http://www.agriculture.gov.au
AGPS (2010). Australian Commodities Statistics. Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics, AGPS Canberra.
ANTAQ (2015). Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários. Available at http://www.antaq.gov.br/Portal/.
ANTAQ (2014). Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários. Statistical Yearbook 2013. Available at http://www.antaq.gov.br/anuario/.
ASSOPORTI (2014). Italian Seaports Association statistics. Available at www.assoporti.it.
ALC (2008). The National Strategy for the Transport and Logistics and Freight Industry: Enhancing Australia's Supply Chains. (Barton: Australian Logistics Council).
Australian Constitution (1901). Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act S51.
Baird, A. J., Valentine, V. F. (2007). Port privatisation in the United Kingdom. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 55-84, Elsevier.
Beresford, Q. (2000). Governments, markets and globalisation. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Brazilian Congress (1993). Congress Decree N. 29, approving terms of the Convention N. 137 and Recommendation N. 145 of 58th Session of International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneve, 25 June 1973. Avaliable at http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decleg/1993/decretolegislativo-29-22-dezembro-1993-358293-publicacaooriginal-1-pl.html.
Brooks, M. & Culliname, K. (2007). Devolution, Port Governance and Port Performance. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, Elsevier.
Business Spectator (2014). Digging beneath China's interest in Australian iron ore projects. Retrieved from http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2014/5/14/china/digging-beneath-chinas-interest-australian-iron-ore-projects on May 14th, 2014.
Cariou, P., Dagnet, F. & Fedi, L. (2014). The new governance structure of French seaports: an initial post-evaluation. Maritime Policy & Management, 41(5), 430-443.
Chalmers, A.F. (1999). What is this thing called science? Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
Chen, S. L. & Everett, S. (2014). The dynamics of port reform: different contexts similar strategies. Maritime Policy and Management, 41(3), 288-301.
Costa, P. & Casagrande, M. (2011). Dalla concorrenza nei porti alla concorrenza tra i porti. Il Caso dei Servizi Tecnico-Nautici in Italia. Venezia: Marsilio editori.
Cullinane, K.; Wei, Y. Y. & Lam, J. (2007). The port of Singapore and its governance structures. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 285-310, Elsevier.
Dotars (2002). Freight Logistics in Australia - An Agenda for Action. Canberra, AU: Department of Transport and Regional Services, Australian Government.
Dotars (2004). AusLink White Paper. Canberra, AU: Department of Transport and Regional Services, Australian Government.
Everett, S. & Pettitt, T. (2006). Effective corporatisation of ports is a function of effective legislation: Legal issues in the existing paradigm. Maritime Policy and Management 33(3), 219-232.
Everett, S. & Robinson, R. (2007). Port Reform: The Australian Experience. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 259-284, Elsevier.
Everett, S. & Robinson, R. (2012). Value innovation: new entrants and chain restructuring in Australia's export coal chains. Journal of International Logistics and Trade, 10(3), 3-17.
Fawcet, J. A. (2007). Port governance and privatisation in the United States: Public ownership and private operation. Research in Transportation Economics, 17, 207-235, Elsevier.
Ferrari, C., Tei, A., & Merk, O. (2015). The Governance and Regulation of Ports - The Case of Italy, ITF/OECD Discussion Paper nr. 1, Paris.
Galvão, C. B., Robles, L. T. & Guerise, L. C. (2013). The Brazilian seaport system: A post-1990 institutional and economic review. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 8, 17–29.
Goss, R. O. (1990). Economic policies and seaports: strategies for port authorities. Maritime Policy and Management, 17(4), 273-287.
Goss, R.O. (1997). British Ports Policies since 1945. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 32(1), 51-71.
Government of Western Australia Department of Mines and Petroleum (2013). Annual Report 2013. Available at www.dmp.wa.gov.au/
Infrastructure Australia (2010). Developing a national freight network strategy: Perspectives of freight network customers. The Allen Consulting Group. May, Canberra. Available at http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/freight_network_customer_perspectives.pdf
Infrastructure Australia and NTC (2010). National ports strategy: Background paper 2010, Canberra. Available at http://infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/policy-publications/publications/files/ports_strategy_background_paper_20_December_2010.pdf
King, S. & Maddock, R. (1996). Unlocking the infrastructure: The reform of public utilities in Australia. (Sydney: Allen and Unwin).
Krugman, P. (2009). End this depression now. New York: WW Norton & Co USA.
Kuhn, T. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Macfarlane, I. (2006). The search for stability. Sydney: ABC Books.
Madison, A. (1991). Dynamic forces in capitalist development: A long-run comparative view. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Oxford.
National Competition Policy (199)5. Commonwealth of Australia Commonwealth Competition Policy Reform Act 1995.
Newcastle Port Corporation (2013). Annual Report 2013. Available at http://www.newportcorp.com.au/site/index.cfm?display=327004
Parola, F., Tei, A. & Ferrari, C. (2012). Managing Port Concessions: Evidence From Italy’, Maritime Policy And Management, 39 (1), 45-61.
Ports Of Australia (2015). Australian port map location. Available at http://www.portsaustralia.com.au/
Quiggin, J. (1996). Great Expectations: Microeconomic reform in Australia. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Reuters. (2014). POSCO backs rail, port plan for Baosteel Australian iron ore project. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/11/us-australia-iron-aurizon-idUSKBN0H60XB20140911 on September 11th, 2014.
Righetti, G. (1987). Trattato di Diritto Marittimo. Milan: Giuffré Editors.
Robinson, J. (1932). Economics is a serious subject: The apologia of an economist to the mathematician, the scientist and the plain man. W. Heffer & Sons.
Robinson, R. (2002). Ports as elements in value-driven chain systems: the new paradigm, Maritime Policy and Management, 29(3), 241-255.
Robinson, R. (2009). Chain systems analysis: new thinking about supply chain efficiency. Monograph in Chain Systems Analysis, Centre for Integrated Freight Systems Management, University of Melbourne.
Robinson, R. (2015). Cooperative strategies in port-oriented bulk supply chains: aligning concept and practice. Journal International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 18, 193-206.
Skidelsky, R. (2010). Keynes, the return of the master. New York: Penguin
Wang, J. J.; Ng, A. & Olivier, D. (2004). Port Governance in China: A review of policies in an internationalizing port management practices. Transport Policy, 11, 237-250.
World Bank (2001). Port Reform Tool kit. Washington, DC: Transport Division.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research – Design and Methods. Third edition. London: Sage.
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Publicado
2017-12-12
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Artigos Científicos
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